Trading the Cable

"Cockamamie. That's a word you generation hasn't embraced yet. You ought to use it once in a while to keep it alive."
--Frank Horrigan (In the Line of Fire)

They say you learn something new every day. Saw this headline this am and couldn't figure what 'cable' meant in the context.

Turns out it refers to exchanges between the British pound and the USD. 

When transatlantic cable was stretched across the ocean floor in the mid 1800s to connect telegraph services between the England and the US, transactions between the two currencies became known as 'trading the cable.'

Obviously, this is no longer popular slang as it took me several decades before I heard it.

Interesting nonetheless. And I hope to put my newly discovered lingo to work soon.

See the Signs

Life is demanding
Without understanding
--Ace of Base

Article lays out five signs of recession currently flashing red:

1) Declining monetary base. As quantitative tightening proceeds, money supply should drop even more.

2) Inverted yield curve. Inverted yield curves are leading indicators of economic problems, and have preceded every recession for decades.

3) Tighter lending standards. Economic slowdowns increase risk aversion. Banks tighten credit standards to avoid losses during recessions. We're approaching tightness associated with past recessions.

4) Falling housing market prices. Mortgage rates have more than doubled over the past year. As prices and borrowing costs go up, demand for houses has gone down. Inventory is now above 10 months of supply--a threshold that has consistently been associated with past recessions.

5) Declining manufacturing and trade sales. Sales are down over one percent YOY. Declines below zero have coincided with every recession since the 1970s.

These indicators suggest that a recession is not imminent. Rather, it is likely already here.

Jackson's Hole

"You're the disease, and I'm the cure."
--Marion Cobretti (Cobra)

The much-awaited Jackson Hole speech from Fed chair Powell is now in the books. Personally, I always chuckle when Fed heads wax about economic problems that always seem to be exogenous, and the Fed's heroic role in taming them.

The topic this time around is, of course, inflation. Powell suggests that the Fed must draw upon 3 lessons learned. One is that the Fed must take on responsibility for delivering low and stable inflation. The obvious question is why should the Fed be responsible for delivering any rate of inflation at all? Moreover, if the Fed is responsible for delivering low inflation, then how did we get to this state of high inflation in the first place?

The second lesson learned related to 'inflation expectations.' Powell asserts that "if the public expects that inflation will remain low and stable over time, then, absent major shocks, it likely will. I found that statement particularly rich. It suggests that a major goal of 'fighting inflation' is persuasion--persuading the public that inflation is low. 

Never mind the decades of easy money compliments of the Fed.

The third lesson is that the Fed must keep at it until the job is done. That is, keep monetary policy restrictive until "inflation is down to the low and stable levels that were the norm until the spring of last year. But monetary policy was extraordinarily 'unrestrictive' for more than a decade before the spring of last year. 

If that prolonged period of easy money didn't unduly elevate the public's inflation expectations, then how will the Fed 'keeping at it' with restrictive monetary policy do the opposite?

Powell once again markets the Fed as the cure rather than the disease it is.

Undercover Hero?

My beacon's been moved
Under moon and star
Where am I to go
Now that I've gone too far?
--Golden Earring

I enjoy reading Tom Luongo's work. Thought provoking--even when his general premise is wrongheaded. 

In this recent piece, for example, Luongo gives the Fed entirely too much credit, arguing that the central bank is essentially the 'good guy'--battling inflation wrought by irresponsible fiscal policies that sent money to people in boxes during CV19. 

He fails to mention the Fed's long history of bailing out markets (and policymakers) when markets break, or of the central bank's $9 trillion of balance sheet assets purchased with money created at the click of a mouse. Because, as Friedman observed, inflation is always a creature of monetary policy, arguing that the Fed is somehow not the Dr Frankenstein that created our present monster seems a bit naive.

However, Luongo does make an interesting point toward the end of his article. He notes (correctly) that the Davos/World Economic Forum crowd would like to put an end to commercial banking, and put all monetary power in the hands of central banks--perhaps even in a one world central bank with digital currency-producing capacity.

He then suggests that, in the United States (and perhaps elsewhere), the Fed represents the interests of those commercial banks. As such, the Fed is motivated to break the EU-centric Davos/WEF threat to US commercial banks by raising rates, pounding the euro, and perhaps even driving the EU toward dissolution.

There's lots of holes in that argument--including the Fed's 'institutional obligations' both domestic and abroad--but interesting to ponder the 'undercover hero' thesis nonetheless.

Commitment to Stupidity

"He chose...poorly."
--Grail Knight (Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade)

The larger question for big government types is this: Have not the past couple of years demonstrated the sheer ineptitude of central planning?

Public health. War and sanctions. Economic and monetary policy. Et al.

Hayek called it the fatal conceit--the belief that bureaucrats in a room can choose better than billions of individuals.

Ongoing belief in central planning constitutes a genuine commitment to stupidity.

Dollar Dominance

We're talking 'bout the dollar bill
And that old man that's over the hill
--Simply Red

The US dollar has been touching multi-year highs as 'risk off' traders flee to what is perceived as the best house in a bad neighborhood. The below graph is telling in that regard.

At some point, the USD may be a meaty short candidate--particularly if you subscribe to the notion that the USD is in the process of losing its reserve currency status.

Yen Destruction

One day you feel quite stable
The next you're coming off the wall
But I think that you should warn me
If you start heading for a fall
--Saga

When leverage + money printing start going way wrong, the billiard balls begin careening around the table. One never knows where the blow ups will occur.

This time around, Japan is becoming an epicenter. Faced with unrelenting Bank of Japan (BOJ) intervention, the yen has been getting pounded and sits at 20+ yr lows. 

Now, with the 10 yr Japanese government bond (JGB) yield hitting the upper band tag in the BOJ's yield curve control program, the BOJ has bought about 1.5 trillion yen's worth of JGBs. If the pace continues through end of month, the BOJ will have purchased about 10 trillion yen's worth of bonds.

To put that in perspective, that would be the equivalent of the Fed doing more than $300 billion of QE when adjusted for GDP.

It is hard not to envision outright monetary collapse if the BOJ does not take its foot off the gas soon.

What that means for financial systems worldwide, as integrated as they are, is anyone's guess.

Art of Hybrid War

"War is a continuation of politics by other means--von Clausewitz."
--Captain Frank Ramsey (Crimson Tide)

Interesting post that fades mainstream media claims that things are going poorly for Russia in Ukraine. The central claim is that Russia is slowly and deliberately tightening the vise around territory that is strategically meaningful. 

Moreover, by keeping the pace deliberate, Russia puts more pressure on Western economic systems that have essentially sanctioned themselves into positions of peril. That peril includes long-term damage to a dollar-denominated financial system.

Russia may be honing the art of hybrid war.

Status Quo Changing

"The status quo has changed, son."
--Patrick Gates (National Treasure)

Interesting piece by Louis Gave on the possible impact of the Ukraine conflict and associated sanctions on the USD's reserve currency status. He suggests that, in an age of fiat currencies, military superiority strengthens a nation's currency and has gone a long way toward solidifying the dollar's reserve currency status.

However, cheap military technologies such as the drones that have been deployed en force in Ukraine are changing the game of warfare--to the extent that they might substantially reduce the impact of conventional weaponry that the US holds a lock on. Should this come to pass, then Big Defense loses value alongside the US dollar's status.

In addition to the impact of the war on the ground, Gave suggests that the weaponization of finance as reflected by the blitzkrieg of war-related sanctions is tutoring the world about the risks of depending on the USD. Developed country bonds have been getting pounded while developing country bonds have been strong--quite the turn from the lessons of the Asian Contagion in the late 1990s. Lesson: Why hold US/EU bonds in this environment?

Moreover, sanctions have demonstrated that the US and its allies can run roughshod over property rights at their discretion. If the wealth of Russian oligarchs can be confiscated so abruptly, then why not the assets of any entity deemed to be an adversary of the US? Lesson: Why depend so highly on a financial system controlled by the US?

The status quo may indeed be changing.

Futility of Saving

Who's gonna tell you when

It's too late?

Who's gonna tell you things

Aren't so great?
--The Cars

Nice graph (taken from this article) showing the futility of saving cash as a means to beat inflation. The inference is that cash hasn't covered cost of living increases in years.

This graph is conservative, given that inflation numbers under-report price increases. Stated differently, the actual ability of saving to cope with price inflation is significantly worse than suggested here.

What corresponds to the step changes down in earnings on savings? Easy Fed monetary policy that went into overdrive with the onset of the quantitative easing regime in 2009.

No Refuge

You got me running
Going out of my mind
You got my thinking 
That I'm wasting my time
--ELO

Bitcoin has been proposed as an alternative money. Such a money should have little correlation to other asset classes--particularly risk assets.

However, the correlation between Bitcoin and tech stocks is high and has been getting higher.

Anyone seeking refuge from current stock market volatility by owning Bitcoin has been sorely disappointed.

no positions

Ruble Round Trip

Call it morning driving through the sound of
In and out the valley
--Yes

After getting smoked on Western sanctions, the ruble has clawed all the way back to pre-invasion levels.

Lotta manipulation (both ways), so it's difficult to assess precisely what has driven recovery. That said, hard not to include these factors:

Russia's strong commodity position

Ineffectiveness of sanctions over time

Russian proclivity toward gold

One thing seems certain. Those engaging in financial system warfare vs Russia early on were not counting on a ruble round trip.

position in gold

Stock to Flow Ratio

I don't know why
You treat me so bad
Think of all the things
We could have had
--Talking Heads

Nice point about stock to flow ratio differences between gold and other commodities. Stock to flow ratio is measured here by taking above ground inventory and dividing it by annual production.

Unlike most commodities, gold's stock to flow ratio is high. Nearly all gold mined over thousands of years still exists in its stand alone, elemental form. Because physical gold is durable and inert, it remains with us. On the other hand, annual gold production is relatively low, constituting only 1.5% or so of above ground stock. Consequently, gold's current stock to flow ratio is above 50.

Compare this to wheat. Above ground wheat stocks are rapidly consumed. Wheat put in storage is subject to decay. In order to meet demand, about 3x the amount of wheat inventory must be produced annually. Inventory turnover is high, resulting in wheat's low stock to flow ratio below 0.5.

Of course, the properties of gold that elevate its stock to flow ratio, e.g., durability, scarcity, etc, make it attractive from a monetary perspective. In fact, it seems to follow that commodities with high stock to flow ratios would constitute a nice short list of plausible monies.

The article stresses that stock to flow ratio helps explain pricing differences between gold and other commodities. Whereas the price of wheat is driven largely by supply/demand dynamics of its stock to flow ratio components, the price of gold is less subject to short term volatility. Above ground inventories are high compared to new supply and consumer demand.

Instead, gold price should be driven more by changes in institutional demand. The more institutions demand gold, the higher the price--regardless of inventory levels or annual production.

While institutions are often regarded as large financial entities such as money center or central banks, in a broader sense institutions represent societal rules and norms.

Stated another way, when it becomes more 'societally correct' to own gold, then price will go up.

Stated another way again, changes in institutional rules are likely to coincide with changes in price of high stock to flow ratio commodities such as gold.

Petrodollars to Petroyuan

When situations never change
Tomorrow looks unsure
Don't leave your destiny to chance
What are you waiting for?
--Swing Out Sister

Courtesy of the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement, the US dollar has enjoyed reserve currency status for the better part of a century. A reserve currency is a money that circulates extensively internationally. It is deemed the standard used to price and execute financial transactions. As such, it is constantly in demand. Banks worldwide must keep piles of reserve currency on hand.

Strong international demand for the USD has been a boon for the federal government. Money can be printed and debt can be issued without having to worry about destroying the value of the currency. 

It is safe to say that the financial position of the United States would be in a much different place were it not for the USD's reserve currency status.

No market demonstrates USD reserve currency privilege more than the international oil market. For decades, Saudi Arabia has priced barrels of crude in USD. Any non-US entity seeking to buy crude from the Sauds has to pay in USD, which lights a fire under dollar demand in forex markets.

Plus, the US gets an extra kicker. Because it can print gobs of USD with little penalty, the US can do so to buy oil on the international market. Let's see...paper dollars printed out of thin air versus a barrel of crude. 

Who gets the better deal? 

The USD's use in oil trade has led to the term 'petrodollar.' The US has reaped huge gains from the petrodollar.

However, the age of the petrodollar may be coming to an end. Financial system warfare currently being waged as part of the Ukraine conflict is awakening countries to their vulnerability, and prompting them to investigate ways to reduce dependence on the USD. By doing so, these nations could sidestep crushing sanctions that might be hurled toward them in the event that they cross the US in some manner.

Seeking alternatives to petrodollars in oil markets would constitute  a significant step in that direction. 

It should not be surprising, then, to learn that countries are experimenting with pricing oil in yuan rather than in USD. In an uncertain world, it makes sense to diversify--even more so when some of that uncertainty involves a country that might decide to weaponize its currency against you.

By engaging in financial warfare the United States appears to be looking the proverbial gift horse in the mouth. The gift of reserve currency status may be rescinded as countries scramble to increase their sovereignty in a sanction-heavy world.

Movement from petrodollars toward petroyuan demonstrates.

Engineering Recession?

And the world
The world turns around
And the world and the world
The world drags me down
--Cult

Yesterday's FOMC actions and data have emboldened theories that the Fed is trying to engineer a 'soft recession' that would cause prices to decline through 'demand destruction.' As opposed to addressing the primary cause of higher prices--which is money printing.

If this is indeed the Fed's intent, then it is even less brains than previously assumed.

And that's saying something.

Sanctions

"You arrogant ass. You've killed us!"
--Andrei Bonovia (The Hunt for Red October)

Over the past couple of weeks, Western governments have levied countless sanctions on Russia. In this context, sanctions are trade restrictions against a foreign country meant to punish that state for behavior deemed undesirable or bad. Russia's invasion of Ukraine sparked a deluge of sanctions ranging from curtailing or banning trade of particular commodities to freezing Russian bank accounts.

Sanctions aim at achieving various political objectives. One is to make the sanctioned country's population hurt to the point where it demands that its ruling regime cease enacting policies that outsiders find objectionable. Another objective is to weaken a country economically and financially so that it depletes resources for conducting belligerent activities. A third objective might be to weaken a state to the point where it can be overthrown by direct attack.

Despite their popularity, sanctions have marginal track records of success. One reason for this is that sanctions require solidarity among outside states in order to be effective. If only a few countries honor the restrictions, then the targeted state can reconfigure its supply chains toward other countries open to trade. The economic strain of sanctions can therefore be mitigated by developing alternative trade channels.

Sanctions also fail because they commonly strengthen resolve in sanctioned states. When freedom to trade with outsiders is forcibly restrained, then nationalistic tendencies increase among a country's population. Rather than creating animosity toward a domestic regime, sanctions often unify nations behind that regime.

It also seems lost on politicians that the economic penalties imposed by sanctions work both ways. When trade is restricted, the productivity benefits of specialization decline as countries diversify to become more self-sufficient. Less output is produced, and standard of living falls--not just for the sanctioned target, but for all countries--even for those who decline to honor the sanctions. In this manner, sanctions behave like tariffs. 

Who is hurt the worst? The world's poor. Because those at the bottom of the economic pyramid have the most to gain from specialization and trade, they become 'collateral damage' when prosperous countries impose trade sanctions. 

Consequently, sanctions themselves may be seen as acts of war. Although they are often levied in response to violence, sanctions are also violent in nature. They forcibly restrict trade--often in manners aimed at hurting others--particularly civilians. In this sense, trade sanctions bear similarity to wartime policies such as the Allied bombing of German and Japanese cities during WWII. 

While sanctions seem to satisfy popular urges to 'do something,' they possess capacity to do more damage than the bad behavior that those restrictions purportedly aim to punish.

Europe Graphics

"How am I ever going to get along in Paris without someone like you? Who'll be there to help me with my French? To turn down the brim of my hat?
--Linus Larabee (Sabrina)

Some nice graphics related to the Europe cribbed from this article. An overview of the member states:

List of EU members:

Timeline of NATO expansion:

Note that there two other important European associations. The Eurozone comprises those countries that use the Euro as their national currency. Currently, there are 19 Eurozone members. The United Kingdom, Switzerland, Sweden, and, given current events, Ukraine are noteworthy non-members.

The Schengen Area consists of European countries that support free movement across borders, permitting visa-free travel for up to 90 days. Twenty-six nations belong to Schengen. Noteworthy abstainers are the United Kingdom--and Ukraine.

Hyper Connectedness and Hyperinflation

Hundred dollar car note
Two hundred rent
I get a check on Friday
But it's already spent
--Huey Lewis & the News

With 40 yr highs in official measures goods and service prices, it should not be surprising that inflation expectations are marking similar highs.

Although it is caused by increases in money supply, inflation's effect on prices can be shaped by buyer psychology. The greater the belief that money will be worth less tomorrow, then the more consumers will buy today in attempt to get ahead of that devaluation. Prices squirt higher as result.

That is why it is often said that once inflationary psychology takes hold, the toothpaste is out of the tube.

This time around, I wonder whether inflation expectations may be worse than in the past due to the amplifying effect of our increased connectedness. We know that networked individuals are more tightly coupled, meaning that they respond similarly to stimuli and disturbances. 

If the echo chambers of social networks, et al tell individuals that inflation is rocketing, might this exacerbate expectations and the 'buy today' behavior that serves as a coping mechanism?

Weimar Germany. Venezuela. Could hyper connectedness breed hyperinflation? 

Financial System Warfare

"Dude, we're on the grid!"
--Riley Poole (National Treasure)

Over the past month we've witnessed countries using the financial system to suppress behavior that they don't like. First it was the Canadian government freezing bank accounts and funding sources of citizen CV19 protestors and their allies. 

Then there has been the international response to the Ukraine situation. The US, EU, and other state entities have levied an array of financially-oriented sanctions on Russia to the point where it seems nearly impossible for people inside Russia to engage in external economic transactions. Even inside Russia, those sanctions have wrought chaos--sovereign debt downgrades, plunging stock markets, a cratering Ruble among them.

What should be clear is that modern financial systems, whose digital configurations are far easier to manipulate than in the past, are being used as geopolitical tools of warfare. Armed with these tools, governments can target either their own citizens (e.g., Canada) or remote citizenry (e.g., Russia).

This lesson is unlikely to be lost on at least two groups. One group involves countries with, shall we say, invasive aspirations. In anticipation of where escalating geopolitical tensions might head, Russia began decoupling its monetary and financial system from the international grid several years ago. For example, it substantially cut its US dollar reserves and increased its gold holdings. Consequently, the present barrage of financial system sanctions, while difficult to handle, has not completely incapacitated a more independent Russian financial system.

Given its aspirations to take control of neighboring Taiwan, China will undoubtedly prepare for a similar barrage before physically moving across a border (if/when). Any belligerent, for that matter, will need to decouple its financial system to the point where it will be able to survive the monetary salvos.

The second group involves citizens at large. The issue is captured in a question: Knowing that a government can, at its discretion, freeze or confiscate digital bank accounts as well as block digital financial transactions of any citizen, do you really want to have all of your financial resources on the grid?

The more people wake up to the specter of government-waged financial warfare, the more likely they will begin re-positioning for greater financial sovereignty. 

This re-positioning to combat geopolitical financial warfare seems likely to include gold.

position in gold

Stagflation and Gold

You're calling my name
But I gotta make it clear
I can't say, baby
Where I'll be in a year
--Aerosmith

Stagflation is a period of economic malaise the combines stagnant economic growth with rising prices. The last major period of stagflation in the US occurred in the 1970s. Some will recall those gas lines.

Chatter about pending stagflation is getting louder.

Here is an interesting analysis that considers gold in a prospective stagflationary environment. The basic thesis is that, in a stagflationary environment, gold is one of the last commodities bought. As inflation picks up, businesses and speculators first buy consumable commodities that they need (e.g., oil, ags, base metals). 

However, as business prospects dim (the 'stag' part) and there is still worry about inflation, buyers turn to gold.

What about Bitcoin as an alternative to gold? As proposed in the piece, Bitcoin is likely to benefit more from 'risk on' environments with ample central bank money printing. In 'risk off' situations with tighter monetary policy, then the focus turns to gold.

We've certainly seen Bitcoin bid higher over the past few years of gargantuan central bank money printing. More recently, we've seen 'usable' commodities bid to the moon while gold has languished.

All of this is consistent with the above propositions, and suggests that gold's time is approaching.

This is an interesting thesis--one that I might put to work.

position in gold